Hospital&Clinical Pharmacy
Different types of urinary tract infections (UTI's)
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI's) are infections that affect any part of the urinar…
Organic chemistry
The resonance structure of Naphthalene and Anthracene
The resonance structure of Naphthalene and Anthracene:- Naphthalene has 2 carbon atoms shared by 2 rings anthracene and phenolphthalein have 2 pair…
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Organic chemistry
Distinguish between primary (1°) Secondary(2°) Tertiary(3°) Alcohols
The following tests are used to distinguish between the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Lucas test:- Alcohols are treated with a solution…
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Organic chemistry
Keto-enol Tautomerism
Keto-enol Tautomerism Ethyl acetoacetate offers a classical and most thoroughly investigated example of keto and tautomerism. Geuther (1863) assig…
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Organic chemistry
Optical isomerism, Plane polarized light
Optical isomerism 1. Certain substances have a remarkable power of rotation. the plane-polarized light either towards left or right, the phenomenon …
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Organic chemistry
Bayer's Oxidation
Bayer's Oxidation:- Alkenes react with cold dilute potassium permanganate solution to form glycols, glyco…
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Organic chemistry
Why benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions why not addition
Why benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions why not addition? Both benzene and alkenes are susceptible to electrophilic attack becau…
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Organic chemistry
Free radicals of carbon
Free radicals of carbon :- Carbonium ions and carbanions, these have no charge they are formed by homolytic fission. Here the Z and carbon atom hav…
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Organic chemistry
Bond lengths and Energies
Bond lengths :- When two atoms are bonded by a covalent bond the distance between the centre of the two nuclei is called bond length. it is measure…
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Organic chemistry
Hofmann Degradation
Hofmann Degradation Amide is treated with bromine or chlorine in alkali solution converts to primary amine This reaction was discovered by hofmann …
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Organic chemistry
Saytzeff rule
Saytzeff Rule The rule stays that when such attentive exists hydrogen is differentially eliminated from the carbon atom with few number of hydrogen…
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Organic chemistry
1,2 and 1,4 Addition reactions
1,2 and 1,4 Addition reactions 1,3 - butadiene reacts with halogen acids (HBr or HCl) to yield a mixture of two compounds. they are 3-bromo 1 butene…
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Organic chemistry
Stability of carbonium ions and carbanions
Stability of carbonium ions :- This is influenced by both resonance and inductive effects. For example, the allyl and benzyl carbonium ion can be s…
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Organic chemistry
SN1, SN2 Mechanism
SN1 Mechanism :- SN1 Stands for unimolecular nucleophilic substitution. This mechanism involves two steps consider the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bro…
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