Etiology, Pathophysiology Investigations, Clinical signs and Symptoms of Asthma

Asthma Overview

Etiology: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Its exact cause is not fully understood but involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Key triggers include allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites), irritants (e.g., smoke, pollution), respiratory infections, and physical exertion.

Pathophysiology:

• Inflammation: The airways become inflamed and swollen, producing excess mucus.
• Bronchoconstriction: Smooth muscles around the airways tighten, narrowing the airways.
• Airway Hyperreactivity: The airways become overly sensitive to various stimuli.

Investigations:

• Spirometry: Measures airflow limitation; commonly used to diagnose and assess asthma severity.
• Peak Flow Monitoring: Assesses the maximum speed of expiration.
• Allergy Testing: Identifies potential triggers or allergens.
• Chest X-ray: Helps rule out other conditions.
• Exhaled Nitric Oxide Test: Measures inflammation in the airways.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms:

• Wheezing: High-pitched whistling sound during breathing.
• Shortness of Breath: Particularly during physical activity or at night.
• Coughing: Often worse at night or early morning.
• Chest Tightness: A feeling of constriction or pressure in the chest.

These symptoms can vary in frequency and intensity and may be triggered or worsened by specific factors.