Diabetes mellitus and drugs used to trat DM

The drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus can be broadly categorized into different classes based on their mechanisms of action.

Combination Therapies, Dopamine Agonists, Bile Acid Sequestrants, Amylin Analogs, Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors

1. Insulin

Rapid-acting Insulin
- Insulin lispro (Humalog)
- Insulin aspart (NovoLog)
- Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
Short-acting Insulin
- Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Intermediate-acting Insulin
- NPH insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Long-acting Insulin
- Insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo)
- Insulin detemir (Levemir)
- Insulin degludec (Tresiba)
Premixed Insulin
- Insulin lispro protamine/insulin lispro (Humalog Mix 75/25)
- Insulin aspart protamine/insulin aspart (NovoLog Mix 70/30)

2. Biguanides

Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza)

3. Sulfonylureas

Glipizide (Glucotrol)
Glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase)
Glimepiride (Amaryl)

4. Meglitinides

Repaglinide (Prandin)
Nateglinide (Starlix)

5. Thiazolidinediones

Pioglitazone (Actos)
Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

6. DPP-4 Inhibitors (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors)

Sitagliptin (Januvia)
Saxagliptin (Onglyza)
Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
Alogliptin (Nesina)

7. SGLT2 Inhibitors (Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors)

Canagliflozin (Invokana)
Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)
Empagliflozin (Jardiance)
Ertugliflozin (Steglatro)

8. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists)

Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon)
Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda)
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus)
Lixisenatide (Adlyxin)

9. Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors

Acarbose (Precose)
Miglitol (Glyset)

10. Amylin Analogs

Pramlintide (Symlin)

11. Bile Acid Sequestrants

Colesevelam (Welchol)

12. Dopamine Agonists

Bromocriptine (Cycloset)

13. Combination Therapies

Many drugs are available in combination formulations, such as:

Metformin and sitagliptin (Janumet)
Metformin and canagliflozin (Invokamet)
Metformin and dapagliflozin (Xigduo)
Metformin and empagliflozin (Synjardy)

These drugs can be used alone or in combination, depending on the patient's specific needs, type of diabetes, and how well their blood glucose levels are controlled.